Atmospheric Circulation

Atmospheric Circulation One way to  transfer of heat from the equator to the poles would be to have a single circulation cell that was upward in the tropics, poleward aloft, downward at the poles, and equatorward at the surface. This is the single-cell circulation model first proposed by Hadley in the 1700’s.

Since the earth rotates, the axis is tilted, and there is more land mass in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere, the actual global pattern is much more complicated. Instead of a single-cell circulation the global circulation model consists of three cells for both N and S hemispheres. These three cells are the tropical cell (also called a Hadley cell), the midlatitude cell and the polar cell.
Surface Features of the Global Atmospheric Circulation System

Main wind belts:
Because the Coriolis force act to the right of the flow (in the Northern Hemisphere), the flow around the 3-cells is deflected. This gives rise to the three main wind belts in each hemisphere at the surface:
· The easterly trade winds in the tropics
· The prevailing westerlies
· The polar easterlies

Doldrums, ITCZ: The doldrums are the region near the equator where the trade winds from each hemisphere meet. This is also where you find the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). It is characterized by hot, humid weather with light winds, major tropical rain forests found in this zone. Migrates north in January and south in July.

Horse latitudes:The horse latitudes are the region between the trade winds and the prevailing westerlies. In this region the winds are often light or calm, and were so-named because ships would often half to throw their horses overboard due to lack of feed and water.

Polar font:The polar front lies between the polar easterlies and the prevailing westerlies.

Pressure belts:
The three-cell circulation model would have associated with it the following pressure belts:
· Equatorial low – A belt of low pressure associated with the rising air in the ITCZ. (The rising of warm air heated at the Equator causes an area of low pressure called Equatorial Low. As the air rises, creates clouds and precipitation.)
· Subtropical high – A belt of high pressure associated with the sinking air of the horse latitudes. (At the subtropics the air cools and descends creating areas of high pressure with clear skies and little precipitation, called the Subtropical High. The descending air is warm and dry, and produces deserts in these regions.)
· Subpolar low – A belt of low pressure associated with the polar front.
· Polar high – A high pressure associated with the cold, dense air of the polar regions.To learn more.

HOMEWORK:

1. What is the main idea in this text?
2. Explain the Atmospheric circulation.
3. What number of the atmospheric cells are in the Earth ? Explain

Environmental Problems´ Investigation: How to Save the Polar Bear?

We will go to make a Power Point about one  environmental problems: How we can to save the Polar Bear. You can look for ideas about the Enviromental Problems   in  your book, pag 64-65 or in these links:

• Link 1
• Link 2  
• Link 3 

 To know more about the Polar Bear use this link or  this.
 To know more about Polar bear and Climate Change.


Use the Drive to make these presentations. Work in groups of 2 people. 
Every presentation have different points:

• Global Environmental problems, 
• Polar Ecosystem, 
• How affect the environmental problems to the Polar bear, 
• Solutions to save the  Polar Bear, ....

Every presentation need use nice pictures to show the problems and impress our thoughts.

You send me your work.  Some groups  show us your presentation in class.

Reasons for the seasons

Why do we have different seasons?

The atmosphere

We explore about the atmosphere. You can use your book on page 54-56, or this page and you talk with James about that.

We make the different activities in these points:

1. COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE.
2. THE LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
3. IMPORTANCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE.
4. THE WEATHER.

Oceans Waves

Learn about Tides, Ocean Currents and Waves

The Water Cycle

Plates

link khan academy

Eart 100 million Years from now

Speaking activity

Different ways of representing the Earth

Look at this aerial photograph of the United States. Answer these questions in your notebook or  by e-mail.

• What features can you see in this photograph?
•  Can you see the area clearly? Can you see details or just a general view?
•  What is the purpose of aerial photographs? Where are they taken from?

 This map shows the same part of the Earth as the photograph. Answer these questions.

• Is the map identical to the photo?
• Which countries are on the map?
• Are aerial photographs useful in making maps? Why?

The Greek Gods

Work with the first writing, code of Law and alphabet

1º Choose  a subject and write the ideas about your work, only to read 2 minutes
2ºRecord the sound in your home
3º Send me the files

Links to make the work:


The first writing  Writing in the ancient history  History of writing Code of Hammurabi Hammurabi´s Code Who created the alphabet   Alphabetic writings What was the first alphabet

Hatshepsut: Egypt's Famous Female Pharaoh

The history of Egypt is filled with exciting and unusual stories, perhaps none so much as that of Hatshepsut, a female pharaoh.

The granddaughter of the famous Amenhotep I, Hatshepsut wasn't really in line to be the king of Egypt, especially since she was a she. Males were the rulers in those days, and females were shut out of the line of succession.

But when her father, Tuthmose I, died, his son, Tuthmose II, became king. This Tuthmose was married to Hatshepsut. (Tuthmose I had two wives, Mountnofrit (the mother of Tuthmose II) and Aahmes (the mother of Hatshepsut).

Tuthmose II, archaeologists tell us, ruled only three or four years, dying of a skin disease. He had a son, who was Hatshepsut's nephew. This son, Tuthmose III, was very young when his father died. They ruled together for awhile, then Hatshepsut declared herself ruler.

Amazingly, she ruled for 15 years, while her nephew came of age. She wore the traditional clothing of the male pharaohs, and she had support of the Egyptian elders (including the powerful head priest of Amon) and the Egyptian people. No major wars were fought at this time, but the Egyptians did make expeditions to neighboring civilizations, spreading the word that their ruler was a woman.

After Hatshepsut's death, Tuthmose III was so jealous of her that he ordered her monuments obscured and all mention of her erased from the walls of temples and other important buildings. Since the ancient Egyptians believed that a person's spirit lived on as long as his or her name was carved into a wall, Tuthmose's decision to erase his hated aunt's name was probably because he thought that he would destroy her spirit as well.

But her name lives on, as an example of the power that one woman can possess if she sets her mind to achieving it. In a time when women were thought of as second-class citizens, good only for delivering sons who would be kings, Hatshepsut was the ruler herself, and she did it for 15 years. Courageous, strong-willed, and dynamic, Hatshepsut has passed on her name to the list of famous women in history. Link

What dou know about Hatshepsut: Egypt's Famous Female Pharaoh? Write about ten lines, at least.

The fertile Crecent. Mesopotamia

The Fertile Crescent: You may read on the web that ancient Mesopotamia is nicknamed "The Fertile Crescent". It is true that ancient Mesopotamia is located inside the geographic region referred to as The Fertile Crescent. Today, The Fertile Crescent includes the countries of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Cyprus, Jordan, Palestine, Kuwait, the Sinai Peninsula, and Northern Mesopotamia. It is a big place.
A place where you con see one map of Mesopotamia.

The Land Between Two Rivers: Ancient Mesopotamia was located in a piece of The Fertile Crescent, in what is now southern Iraq. It covered an area about 300 miles long and about 150 miles wide. The word Mesopotamia actually means (in Greek) “the land between the rivers.” The two rivers referred to by the ancient Greeks are the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers.

Why would anyone wish to build a civilization in the middle of the desert in what is now lower Iraq? Because it was a great place to live!

In Northern Mesopotamia, the land is fertile. There is seasonal rain. The rivers and streams are fed from the hills and mountains of the region.

In Southern Mesopotamia, the land is mostly flat and barren. Temperatures can rise over 110 degrees Fahrenheit. There is very little rainfall. Storms do blow in from the Persian Gulf, which cools things off. The area does have slight seasons. It can get quite cool at certain times of the year.

Many thousands of years ago, early settlers wandered into the land between two rivers. Natural vegetation and wildlife kept the people well fed. The rivers provided fresh drinking water, and a place to bathe. These early people settled down, invented a system of irrigation, and began to farm the land ( link with ).

What do you think about the land between two rivers?

How is the mesopotamian geography?

What is the reason to use this land in their settlement?

How to make a Sword?

 Overview of How to Make a Sword
The two main parts of a sword are the blade and the hilt. The blade could be single edged or double edged. The hilt gives a firm grip to the swordsman. There are various types of swords.

A fully equipped blacksmith workshop along with the requisite raw materials is the basic necessity of a sword making endeavor. Let us see the steps of how to make a sword. These steps are generic in the sense that depending on the kind of sword, you want to make, they may vary.

Study the Sword Making Techniques and Decide A Design
This is the first and most important part. An opportunity to see a real sword maker doing his thing, is the best form of education. So, see if a sword maker takes you in as an apprentice. You will get to learn on the job. Set up the forgery for the job. Decide on a design, dimensions and plan your procedure of making the sword, down to the last details. That way, the time spent in a forgery will be more productive.

Forging the Sword
The process of making a sword starts with forging. The metal bar from which you intend to make a sword is heated in a forge and hammered into shape. This is probably the most difficult of all the steps. Impulse needs to be delivered with the right power to mold the metal bar into the shape of a sword. The forging process involves repeated heating and hammering, till the desired shape has been achieved. This gives strength to the blade.

Annealing the Sword
Annealing is the most important part of forging. It involves heating the sword and making it cool slowly. This cooling process can be stretched to more than 24 hours. Annealing prepares the blade for the grinding part later.

Grinding and Hardening the Sword
Using a grinder and the force of friction, a sharp blade is methodically sculpted out of the forged metal, along with a sharp pointed tip. Engravings are made on the blade in this step. Then the sword is hardened by heating it to a high temperature and then cooling it suddenly by inserting it in a quenching or coolant tank.

Tempering the Sword
The last part is tempering the blade which again involves repeated cycles of heating to low temperatures and cooling. This gets rid of the brittleness of the sword. This final stage is the toughest and needs a lot of blacksmith skill.

Putting the Finishing Touches

Task: Explain with your words how to make a sword in the Metal Ages

Paleolithic Cave Arts in Northern Spain(1) El Castillo Cave, Cantabria

Out of Africa

Out of Africa from Arthur Machado on Vimeo.

Map Skills Climate zones and latitude Belts

Shaping the Earth's Atmosphere - Depressions & Anticyclones

Basics of Geography: Climate

Cimate Science in a Nutshell #2: What is Climate?