Classical Orders of Greek Architecture

Towards the end of the seventh and during the sixth century BCE evolved the two major styles of Greek architecture: DORIC and IONIC. Evidence indicates that the older Doric order did not appear until after the Greeks had made full contact with Egypt, which began in 664. The earliest representation of a Doric capital appears on a Protocorinthian sherd of about 650. The most characteristic building type in Greek architecture is the temple.

Rectangular plan for temples were already being adopted in the Geometric period, Their tructure was essentially a rectangular building (cella, or naos) that housed the cult statue, surrounded by a colonnade or peristyle. (Note: when the colonnade runs all the way around the cella, we refer to the temple as peripteral). Front and back porches (pronaos, opisthodomos) were formed by extending and thickening of the cella walls (antae; singular, anta). When two columns stand between the wall ends, described, in Latin, as being "in antis". A series of rules gradually developed which dictated general proportions, placement, and use of various decorative and functional members of the building.

DORIC ORDER
Evolves through the Archaic period mostly in terms of refinements in proportion. Distinguishing characteristics of the Doric order are:

1. A simple column shaft with twenty channels or flutes with sharp divisions (arrises) between them, and with three necking grooves near top. Slight convex tapering (entasis) from bottom to top

2. The column stands directly on the stylobate, without a base.

3. The capital has a swelling, cushion-like echinus, and a block-shaped slab for an abacus.

4. The architrave is a continuous undecorated flat surface.

The frieze has triglyphs ("three-grooved"), metopes, and regula-guttae and mutule-guttae constructions.

IONIC ORDER
Higher and more slender than the Doric, and more highly decorated. Earliest manifestations found in Ionia (Asia Minor). Distinguishing characteristics of the Ionic Order:

1. The column shaft slender with twenty-four flutes separated by broad, flattened arrises.

2. The column has an elaborately carved base.

3. The capital consists of two hanging volutes, beneath which is an ornamental area, and above a thin abacus.

4. The architrave carved with three flat undecorated projecting bands.

The frieze is continuous flat surface that may been decorated with sculpture or painted.

CORINTHIAN ORDER

By 400 BC, the Greeks had added a third type of column to the old Doric and Ionic styles. This was called the Corinthian column, after the city of Corinth. The Greeks never actually used the Corinthian column that much, but the Romans used it a lot.

The Corinthian style is fancier and heavier than the Ionic style. In Corinthian temples, the columns have a fancier base to stand on. At the top of the columns, on the capital, there's a stone carving of acanthus leaves, under the architrave (ARR-kuh-trayv). On the architrave, as in Ionic temples, there is a continuous frieze where the triglyphs and metopes would be on a Doric temple.Link to a visual dictionary.
Task: Make the summary of this text

Alexander the Great

Alexander was a prince, the son of the king of Macedonia. He was born in Macedonia in July 356 BCE. Macedonia was not a Greek city-state. It was a country in the north of Greece.

Alexander was taught for four years by his teacher, Aristotle. Aristotle instructed Alexander in politics, war, and in critical thinking. At the age of 16, Alexander was made a captain in the Macedonian armies where he gained the respect of his soldiers for his bravery, and battle strategies. When Alexander was 20 years old, his father was murdered - Alexander became the king of Macedonia.

He quickly dealt with his enemies at home and reasserted Macedonian power within Greece. He then set out to conquer the massive Persian Empire.

Against overwhelming odds, he led his army to victories across the Persian territories of Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt without suffering a single defeat. The young king of Macedonia, leader of the Greeks, overlord of Asia Minor and pharaoh of Egypt became 'great king' of Persia at the age of 25.

Over the next eight years, Alexander led his army 11,000 miles, founding over 70 cities and creating an empire that stretched across three continents from Macedonia to the Indus River, covering around two million square miles. Alexander had conquered the ENTIRE known world in the Mediterranean region.

At the age of 33, Alexander contracted a fever, which quickly took his life. The empire he had worked so hard to build was divided among three of his generals, whose decedants ruled these three territories as separate empires.

Alexander Spreads Hellenistic Culture

Even though his kingdom did not last long, his influence did. The conquests of Alexander spread the Greek culture throughout much of Europe and Asia.

The Greek culture of Alexander mixed with other cultures of the areas he conquered, forming a new type of culture which is today referred to as Hellenistic Culture. Elements of Hellenistic Culture can even be found today in the areas conquered by Alexander’s Empire.

Information from:

http://www.kidspast.com/world-history/0074-alexander-the-great.php

http://greece.mrdonn.org/alexander.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/alexander_the_great.shtml

Activity from :

http://keyser9.wordpress.com/

Questions

1. Why did Alexander become King so young?

2. Who taught Alexander at a young age? What did he teach him about?

3. What major civilizations did Alexander conquer?

4. How did Alexander die? What happened to his Empire after his death?

5. What type of culture did Alexander spread (besides Greek)? Describe the makeup of this culture?

The Athens daily life

Using this link: BBC or this
Imagine you are living in Athens. Who are you? When you choose
who to be,  think about the following:
A female citizen:

• Are you married or unmarried?
• Do you live in a wealthy household or a poor one?
• How does your family earn its money?
• How do you spend your time each day?

A male citizen:

• Are you married?
• Are you wealthy or poor?
• Where do you work?
• What goes on at the debates in an assembly?
• Have you served in the army?

A slave:

• Are you male or female?
• Are you young or old?
• Who owns you, a family or are you owned by the state?
• Where were you born - in Athens or somewhere else in Greece or in a different country altogether?
• How did you come to be a slave? What job do you do?

You could try writing about a day in your life in Athens. Perhaps there’s a special event you’re going to? Or you could write your biography; where you grew up; what your parents did; and what you are doing now in Athens. Send me your writing. Link to this activity.

What the ancient Greece did for us?